Buying a Home: 8 Disclosures Sellers Must Make

A disclosure document can be important for both home buyers and sellers. When an owner sells a property, they are typically required to disclose information in a written document.

The requirements vary based on state and local laws.

In general, a disclosure document is supposed to provide details about a property’s condition that might negatively affect its value. Sellers who willfully conceal information can be sued and potentially convicted of a crime. Selling a property “As Is” will usually not exempt a seller from disclosures. 

Disclosure rules can affect anyone selling a home, but they’re especially likely to affect property flippers, who buy properties in order to upgrade them and resell them for a quick profit. Property flippers often deal with properties in poor condition.

How Local Laws Differ

State and local laws differ in their provisions for disclosure. A seller should check into the requirements for the location they’re considering.

There’s another important thing to check: Some local disclosure laws have loopholes. For instance, New York State law requires that certain problems be disclosed to a purchaser in a statement unless the seller opts instead to pay a $500 credit to the buyer at closing. According to Nolo, an online legal library, many if not most sellers pay the credit rather than providing the form. 

The local legalities can usually be obtained from local and state real estate planning departments. A real estate attorney might also be consulted.

Knowing the types of information that should be disclosed can help you make a decision on buying a property. If you’re the seller, it can save you from a lawsuit.

Here are some very common real estate seller disclosures to be aware of, whether you’re on the buyer’s side or the seller’s side.

1. Death in the Home

Some buyers have concerns or superstitions about purchasing a home in which someone has died. Disclosure might be required.

“Each state will have slightly different requirements for disclosure,” says Jim Olenbush, a Texas real estate broker. “In Texas, for example, deaths from natural causes, suicides, or accidents unrelated to the property do not have to be disclosed.”

However, “a seller is required to disclose deaths related to the condition of the property or violent crimes,” Olenbush says. If a previous occupant’s child drowned in the swimming pool because the pool didn’t have a safety fence, for example, the seller would need to disclose the death even if the safety issue has been remedied.

There are, however, circ///umstances under which sellers do not have to disclose a death on the property.

“There are no states in which there is an obligation to disclose the death of a person who has deceased under natural conditions,” says attorney Matthew Reischer, CEO of LegalAdvice.com. “However, some states impose a duty [to disclose] on a stigmatized home or apartment in which there has been a suicide or murder. Some states even go so far as to impose an affirmative duty on a seller if they have knowledge that their real estate is being haunted by the dead.”

Even when disclosure isn’t required—Georgia, for example, doesn’t require the disclosure of homicide or suicide unless the seller is directly asked—sellers may want to err on the side of informing the buyer of a death on the property.

“If a seller is concerned about liability, the best advice is to go ahead and disclose everything upfront, even if it is not required by law,” Olenbush says. “Buyers will always hear about things from the neighbors, and the surprise could cause them to back out of a purchase contract or wonder what else the seller is not telling them.”

2. Neighborhood Nuisances

A nuisance is often a noise or odor from a source outside the property that could irritate the property’s occupants.

North Carolina requires sellers to disclose noises, odors, smoke, or other nuisances from commercial, industrial, or military sources that affect the property.

Michigan requires sellers to disclose farms, farm operations, landfills, airports, shooting ranges, and other nuisances in the vicinity, but Pennsylvania leaves it up to the buyer to determine the presence of agricultural nuisances.

These are the rules for just three states. Make sure you know what your state law requires regarding neighborhood nuisance disclosures.

3. Hazards

If the home is at an increased risk of damage from a natural disaster or has known or potential environmental contamination, you may be required to disclose this information to the buyer.

Texas law requires sellers to disclose the presence of hazardous or toxic waste, asbestos, urea-formaldehyde insulation, radon gas, lead-based paint, and previous use of the premises for the manufacture of methamphetamine. 

Missouri also requires disclosure of a former meth lab in a home but neighboring Kansas, like most states, does not.

New York State’s Property Condition Disclosure Act requires sellers to notify buyers about whether the property is located in a flood plain, wetland, or agricultural district; whether it has ever been a landfill site; if there have ever been fuel-storage tanks above or below ground on the property; if and where the structure contains asbestos; if there is lead plumbing; whether the home has been tested for radon, and whether any fuel, oil, hazardous, or toxic substance has been spilled or leaked on the property. 

States may also require disclosure of mine subsidence, underground pits, settlement, sliding, upheaval, or other earth-stability defects. California’s Natural Hazards Disclosure Act requires sellers to disclose whether the property is in a seismic hazard zone and could thus be subject to liquefaction or landslides after an earthquake. 

4. Homeowners’ Association Information

If the home is governed by a homeowners’ association (HOA), you should disclose that fact. Associations generally impose monthly fees on homeowners, and they can impose rules on their membership that a prospective buyer might or might not find acceptable.

You also need to know about the HOA’s financial health and provide this information to the buyer so that he or she can make an informed purchasing decision.

“A buyer I know purchased a condominium, [and] the seller mistakenly forgot to give the buyer the last 12 months of meeting notes,” says Ed Kaminsky, president and CEO of SportStar relocation in Manhattan Beach, California. “Seven months later, the buyer was assessed $30,000 for property improvements. The seller was subsequently sued by the buyer for not disclosing these important notes.”

5. Repairs

What have you repaired, and why? Buyers need to know the home’s repair history so they can have their own home inspectors pay extra attention to problem areas and so that they’re aware of probable future issues.

Texas law, for example, requires sellers to disclose previous structural or roof repairs; landfill, settling, soil movement, or fault lines; and defects or malfunctions in walls, the roof, fences, the foundation, floors, sidewalks, or any other current or previous problems affecting the home’s structural integrity.

You may also want to disclose electrical or plumbing repairs and any other problems that you would want to know about if you were going to buy the home and live in it.

6. Water Damage

When water gets in where it shouldn’t, it can damage personal possessions, undermine the home’s structure, and even create a health hazard by causing mold growth. Sellers should disclose past or present leaks or water damage.

Michigan, for example, requires sellers to disclose evidence of water in a basement or crawl space, roof leaks, major damage from floods, the type of plumbing system (e.g., galvanized, copper, other), and any known plumbing problems.

“There are many risks involved in a house closing where some work is needed on the property that wasn’t obvious on walk-through, particularly in winter or during a dry spell,” says Bill Price, an Illinois business lawyer. “In winter, a roof that leaks or has very old shingles may not be able to be inspected by the buyer or their home inspector. Similarly, a dry spell can conceal problems with a leaking basement.”

In situations such as these, check to see how much protection your state’s laws offer from disclosing information you would have had no way of knowing.

7. Missing Items

Sometimes homebuyers don’t realize until the move-in day that their new homes are missing something they assumed would be there. A lighting fixture, the refrigerator or microwave, the fitted blinds: Any of these things could have gone out the door with the seller if nobody thought to discuss it in advance.

Some states’ disclosure laws attempt to prevent this problem.

Texas and Michigan, for example, require sellers to disclose whether the property comes with a long list of items, including kitchen appliances, central air conditioning and heating, rain gutters, exhaust fans, and water heaters. 

8. Other Possible Disclosures

Buyers need to know if the home is in a special historic district because it will affect their ability to make repairs and alterations, and it might also increase the cost of those activities.

Texas law requires sellers to disclose active termites or other wood-destroying insects, termite or wood-rot damage in need of repair, previous termite damage, and previous termite treatment. Michigan and North Carolina law also requires sellers to disclose any history of infestation. Consult your state’s laws to see if you must disclose information about any pests. 

You may also be required to disclose problems with drainage or grading, zoning, pending litigation, changes made without permits, boundary disputes, and easements.

How to Disclose

Some states, such as Michigan and North Carolina, require sellers to use a specific disclosure form. If there isn’t a specific form, your state department or commission of real estate or state realtor’s association will usually have a recommended form you can use. The form may be more or less comprehensive than what state law requires.

If the form isn’t comprehensive enough for your situation, supplement it with a list of the additional items you wish to disclose. The seller should make all disclosures to the buyer in writing, and both the buyer and seller should sign and date the document. Be sure you review what you need to disclose, and how it should be worded, with a real-estate attorney.

The Bottom Line

Even if a particular disclosure is not required in your area, sellers who have information about their house that could make a buyer unhappy might want to disclose it anyway. In addition to the moral reasons for being honest with prospective buyers—and the desire to avoid the expense and hassle of a lawsuit—individuals have a reputation to protect. Sellers who have any concerns about whether they’ve disclosed the property’s condition correctly should contact a real estate attorney in their state.